Category: Automation

In today’s volatile global market, tariffs and trade wars are no longer rare disruptions — they’re realities that businesses must navigate. Success in this environment doesn’t come from sheer size or scale; it comes from adaptability. Companies that maintain control over their quality, output, and supply chains position themselves as trusted leaders in uncertain times.

At Konnected Technology, we believe that adaptability isn’t optional — it’s essential.

The Power of Control Over Quality and Output

During periods of rising tariffs and shifting trade policies, companies that had tight control over their production quality and output were better positioned to weather the storm. Why? Because consistency and reliability became their competitive advantage when supply chains were strained.

By leveraging industrial automation and smart technology, businesses can:

• Monitor Production in Real Time – Ensuring consistent quality even when sourcing shifts.
• Pivot Quickly – Adjust production schedules and outputs based on market demand.
• Enhance Efficiency – Minimize costs while maintaining high product standards.

With Konnected’s tailored automation solutions, even small and mid-sized businesses can achieve this level of control — giving them a significant advantage in uncertain markets.

Adaptability: The True Long-Term Strategy

Adaptability isn’t just about surviving today’s challenges — it’s about setting up for long-term success. Companies that could adjust sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution strategies quickly during trade wars often emerged stronger, with increased market trust and customer loyalty.

Strategic adaptability means:

• Building flexible supply chains
• Investing in technology that offers real-time data and insights
• Training teams to respond to change swiftly and intelligently

At Konnected Technology, we empower companies to create resilient operations that aren’t just reactive — they’re proactive.

Leaders Who Emerged Stronger

Look at companies like Honeywell, which diversified their supply chains to build resilience, or General Motors, which shifted its supply chain strategy and increased local sourcing to mitigate international tariff risks. These companies didn’t just survive; they strengthened their market positions by investing in technology, control, and agility.

Small and mid-sized businesses can do the same — and Konnected Technology is here to make that possible.

Future-Proofing with Konnected Technology

Adaptability isn’t built overnight. It requires vision, investment, and the right partners. Whether you’re looking to automate key processes, improve asset tracking, or create a more resilient production environment, Konnected Technology has the expertise and solutions to help you thrive in any economic landscape.

Ready to future-proof your business? Contact us today and find out how we can help you turn adaptability into your biggest competitive advantage.

Unlocking the Power of Big Data in Industrial Automation

Data has become one of the most valuable assets in modern manufacturing. The ability to collect, analyze, and act on data in real time gives businesses a significant competitive advantage. At Konnected Technology, we help companies harness the power of big data analytics to enhance productivity, improve quality, and drive informed decision-making.

How Big Data is Transforming Manufacturing

Big data analytics allows manufacturers to derive actionable insights from vast amounts of operational data. Key applications include:

• Predictive Maintenance: Analyzing sensor data to forecast equipment failures and reduce unplanned downtime.
• Supply Chain Optimization: Enhancing demand forecasting, inventory management, and logistics efficiency.
• Process Optimization: Identifying bottlenecks and inefficiencies to improve overall equipment effectiveness (OEE).
• Quality Assurance: Utilizing AI-driven analytics to detect product defects and ensure compliance with industry standards.

Technologies Driving Big Data in Manufacturing

Several advanced technologies are enabling the seamless integration of big data analytics in industrial settings:

• Industrial IoT (IIoT): Smart sensors and connected devices that collect real-time operational data.
• Cloud Computing: Scalable infrastructure for storing and processing large volumes of manufacturing data.
• Edge Computing: Decentralized processing that reduces latency and enhances real-time decision-making.
• AI and Machine Learning: Advanced algorithms that analyze patterns and optimize production strategies.

Challenges in Big Data Implementation

Despite its benefits, big data adoption in manufacturing comes with challenges such as data integration complexities, cybersecurity risks, and skill shortages. At Konnected Technology, we provide tailored solutions that simplify data management, enhance security, and ensure seamless adoption of analytics-driven decision-making.

The Future of Data-Driven Manufacturing

Manufacturers that leverage big data analytics gain a strategic advantage through increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved product quality. Konnected Technology is committed to helping businesses embrace a data-driven future, providing expertise and technology solutions that turn raw data into actionable insights.

The Future of Manufacturing: AI-Driven Smart Factories

In an era defined by rapid technological advancements, artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the way factories operate. Smart factories—facilities that leverage automation, data analytics, and interconnected devices—are at the forefront of this transformation. At Konnected Technology, we help businesses navigate the AI landscape to optimize operations, enhance efficiency, and drive innovation in industrial automation.

The Role of AI in Smart Factories

AI is reshaping industrial automation by enabling machines to learn, adapt, and make data-driven decisions. The integration of AI in smart factory systems offers several key benefits:

• Predictive Maintenance: AI-powered systems can analyze equipment performance data to predict failures before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
• Automated Quality Control: Machine learning algorithms can detect defects with greater accuracy than human inspectors, ensuring higher product quality.
• Optimized Production Processes: AI enhances supply chain management by adjusting production schedules based on real-time data, minimizing waste and improving resource utilization.
• Enhanced Robotics and Automation: AI-driven robots can perform complex tasks with precision and adaptability, increasing productivity and safety.

Key Technologies Driving AI Integration

Several AI-driven technologies are fueling the smart factory revolution:

• Machine Learning (ML): Enables systems to improve performance over time by learning from data patterns.
• Computer Vision: Facilitates automated inspections, object recognition, and defect detection in manufacturing.
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Improves human-machine interaction through voice and text communication.
• Digital Twins: Virtual replicas of physical assets that allow manufacturers to simulate and optimize operations in real time.

Overcoming AI Implementation Challenges

While AI adoption presents significant advantages, businesses may face challenges such as data security concerns, integration complexities, and skill gaps. At Konnected Technology, we provide end-to-end AI solutions, from strategy development to implementation, ensuring a seamless transition to AI-powered smart factory systems.

The Road Ahead: AI and the Future of Manufacturing

AI is not just a trend—it’s the future of manufacturing. Companies that invest in AI-driven automation will gain a competitive edge through increased efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced decision-making. Konnected Technology remains at the forefront of this transformation, guiding businesses toward smarter, more agile, and data-driven operations.

Transforming Industrial Efficiency with IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is reshaping the industrial landscape, enabling smarter, more connected manufacturing environments. By integrating IoT solutions, factories and industrial facilities can enhance efficiency, reduce downtime, and optimize resource management. At Konnected Technology, we help businesses harness IoT’s potential to drive predictive maintenance, improve asset tracking, and increase overall operational efficiency.

Enhancing Predictive Maintenance with IoT

One of the most significant advantages of IoT in industrial automation is its role in predictive maintenance. Traditional maintenance strategies rely on scheduled servicing or reactive repairs after failures occur, often leading to unnecessary costs or unexpected downtime. IoT transforms maintenance by:

• Real-Time Monitoring: Sensors continuously track equipment performance metrics such as temperature, vibration, and pressure.
• Data-Driven Predictions: AI-driven analytics use historical and real-time data to predict potential failures before they happen.
• Reduced Downtime: Proactive maintenance scheduling minimizes disruptions, enhancing production efficiency and cost savings.

By deploying IoT-based predictive maintenance solutions, manufacturers can significantly extend the lifespan of their machinery while avoiding costly repairs and production delays.

Optimizing Asset Tracking and Management

In complex industrial environments, keeping track of valuable equipment and materials is crucial. IoT-enabled asset tracking enhances visibility and control by:

• RFID and GPS Integration: Real-time location tracking of machinery, tools, and inventory.
• Automated Inventory Management: Smart sensors monitor stock levels, reducing the risk of shortages or excess materials.
• Theft and Loss Prevention: Instant alerts for unauthorized movement or misplaced assets.

With IoT-powered asset tracking, companies gain improved supply chain visibility, reduced losses, and streamlined logistics.

Improving Operational Efficiency with IoT

Efficiency is the cornerstone of industrial success, and IoT plays a pivotal role in optimizing workflows. Key areas where IoT enhances efficiency include:

• Energy Management: Smart meters and sensors track energy consumption, identifying opportunities to reduce waste and lower costs.
• Process Automation: IoT devices automate repetitive tasks, improving productivity and reducing human errors.
• Remote Monitoring and Control: Managers can oversee operations from anywhere, making real-time adjustments to maximize output.

By leveraging IoT, manufacturers can achieve greater operational agility, adaptability, and cost-effectiveness.

Overcoming IoT Implementation Challenges

While IoT offers substantial benefits, its implementation comes with challenges such as security risks, data integration complexities, and infrastructure investments. At Konnected Technology, we provide tailored IoT solutions, ensuring secure, scalable, and seamless adoption for industrial automation.

The Future of IoT in Industrial Automation

As IoT technology continues to evolve, its role in industrial automation will expand, driving further advancements in predictive maintenance, asset tracking, and efficiency optimization. Companies that embrace IoT today will be at the forefront of the next industrial revolution.

Konnected Technology remains committed to guiding businesses through this transformation, delivering cutting-edge IoT solutions that enhance industrial productivity and resilience.

When people think of industrial automation, they often picture sprawling factories, massive corporations, and high-tech assembly lines. But the truth is, automation is no longer reserved for enterprise-level companies. Thanks to advancements in technology and the availability of customizable solutions, small and mid-sized businesses can now harness automation to gain a competitive edge — without breaking the bank.

At Konnected Technology, we specialize in making automation accessible, scalable, and affordable for businesses of all sizes.

Why Small Businesses Shouldn’t Overlook Automation

Small businesses face unique challenges: limited staff, tight budgets, and increasing customer expectations. While automation might seem like a luxury, it can actually be a game-changer by helping:

• Save Time and Labor – Automating repetitive tasks allows small teams to focus on strategic work.
• Improve Accuracy – Reducing manual data entry and processing leads to fewer errors.
• Boost Productivity – Streamlined workflows allow your operations to run more efficiently and consistently.

The key is to find automation solutions that are tailored — not templated.

Tailored Solutions, Real Impact

At Konnected, we understand that no two businesses are alike. That’s why we offer customized automation solutions designed specifically around your workflow, equipment, and goals. Whether it’s setting up IoT-enabled monitoring, implementing predictive maintenance on a few key machines, or streamlining inventory with smart sensors, our team ensures that the automation fits your business — not the other way around.

We work closely with small business owners to:

• Identify operational bottlenecks
• Design right-sized solutions
• Train teams on new tools and systems
• Scale systems as the business grows

Real Examples, Real Results

We’ve helped small manufacturing shops optimize their production lines with just a few strategic sensor integrations. We’ve worked with regional logistics companies to improve asset tracking, reduce manual check-ins, and enhance customer visibility. Each time, the automation investment paid off in reduced downtime, improved team efficiency, and better decision-making.

Breaking the “Too Small to Automate” Myth

If you’re a small business owner who thinks automation is out of reach — think again. With Konnected Technology, you don’t need a giant footprint or a massive IT budget. You just need the right partner who can identify where automation can make the biggest difference.

We’re here to bring the power of industrial automation to the businesses that need it most — because innovation should be inclusive.

Ready to Take the Next Step?

If you’re curious about how automation could work for your business, we’d love to chat. Reach out to Konnected Technology today for a free consultation and let’s explore the right-sized solution that fits your goals, your team, and your bottom line.

The North American market, particularly the U.S., is experiencing a surge in automation and robotics adoption, solidifying its position as a key player in global industrial growth. As businesses seek efficiency, scalability, and innovation, demand for autonomous solutions continues to rise, presenting both opportunities and challenges for vendors and integrators alike.

Why North America? A Market on the Rise

North America stands out as a high-growth market, with the U.S. leading the charge in automation adoption. International vendors are increasingly targeting the region, driven by its strong economy, willingness to invest in automation, and growing demand for robotics solutions.

• Companies across industries report North America as a prime growth market for automation.
• The U.S. is attracting suppliers from Europe, Japan, China, and South Korea, demonstrating its global appeal.
• More system integrators and distributors are entering the space, signifying the market’s maturation and increased complexity.

Automation Adoption Accelerates

Despite being a late adopter compared to Europe and China, the U.S. market is catching up fast. The adoption of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) is on the rise, creating opportunities for industry players to establish a foothold.

• Robotics demand is shifting from end-users to system integrators, reflecting the industry’s evolution.
• U.S. regulations are perceived as less restrictive than Europe’s, easing the adoption process for manufacturers and suppliers.
• The market is seeing a surge in interest from logistics, manufacturing, and retail sectors looking to enhance operational efficiency.

Challenges: Decision-Making & Tariffs

While the market is booming, some challenges persist. Decision-making processes in North America can be slower, particularly in light of economic uncertainties and upcoming elections. Additionally, tariffs on Chinese automation products impact pricing strategies and vendor selections.

• A 25% tariff on Chinese robotics imports adds complexity to the supply chain.
• Some businesses remain hesitant to commit to automation investments, requiring more education and proof of ROI.
• Market shifts demand agility from vendors looking to scale operations effectively in North America.

The Road Ahead: Future Trends & Considerations

The U.S. remains a top destination for automation expansion, but vendors must navigate evolving market conditions to succeed. Companies investing in robust go-to-market strategies, strong partnerships with integrators, and localized support will have a competitive advantage.

• Increased focus on supply chain resilience and domestic manufacturing to mitigate tariff impacts.
• Expansion of AI-driven automation solutions to enhance efficiency and reduce reliance on manual labor.
• Growing collaboration between robotics companies and system integrators to streamline deployment and scaling.

Conclusion: Konnected Technology’s Perspective

At Konnected Technology, we recognize the immense potential of the North American automation market. As industry leaders, we help businesses navigate the complexities of robotics adoption, ensuring seamless integration and scalable solutions. Whether you’re an enterprise exploring automation or a vendor looking to expand, our expertise and insights position us as the partner of choice in this rapidly growing industry.

Clean rooms play a critical role in industries where even the smallest particles can impact the quality and functionality of a product. Among these industries, pharmaceuticals and semiconductors rely heavily on controlled environments to ensure safety, precision, and efficiency.

What is a Clean Room?

A clean room is a specially designed space where airborne contaminants, temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors are strictly controlled. These rooms are used in industries requiring high levels of cleanliness and precision, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and electronics manufacturing.

Pharmaceutical Clean Rooms

In the pharmaceutical industry, clean rooms are essential for the production of medications, vaccines, and other medical products. These environments must adhere to stringent regulations to prevent contamination from bacteria, dust, and other particles that could compromise product safety. Clean rooms in pharmaceuticals are classified based on the level of air cleanliness, typically following ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standards or GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) guidelines.

Key features of pharmaceutical clean rooms include:

• HEPA and ULPA Filtration: High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters remove airborne contaminants.
• Strict Personnel Protocols: Workers must wear protective clothing, including gloves, masks, and gowns, to minimize contamination.
• Airflow Control: Laminar airflow systems help maintain a consistent, clean air environment.
• Regular Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of particle counts, humidity, and temperature ensures compliance with safety standards.

Semiconductor Clean Rooms

Semiconductor manufacturing requires an even higher level of cleanliness since microscopic particles can interfere with the production of microchips and electronic components. Clean rooms in this industry are often classified at ISO Class 5 or lower, meaning they allow very few particles per cubic meter of air.

Key aspects of semiconductor clean rooms include:

• Ultra-Clean Environments: These rooms maintain exceptionally low levels of contaminants, as even a single particle can damage semiconductor wafers.
• Advanced Air Filtration: HEPA and ULPA filtration systems keep the air free from dust, chemical vapors, and microorganisms.
• Static Control: Static electricity can be harmful to sensitive electronic components, so strict measures, including anti-static flooring and clothing, are used.
• Automated Systems: Robotics and automation reduce the need for human presence, minimizing contamination risks.

The Importance of Clean Rooms

Clean rooms are vital for ensuring the safety, reliability, and performance of products in both the pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries. Whether it’s ensuring the purity of life-saving medications or the precision of cutting-edge technology, clean room environments provide the necessary control to maintain quality and compliance with regulatory standards.

As technology and medicine continue to advance, the need for highly controlled environments will only grow. By maintaining stringent clean room protocols, industries can protect consumers, enhance product reliability, and drive innovation forward.

Check out our next blog to see how automation can improve these systems.

The material handling industry is experiencing a major shift, with forklifts emerging as a dominant force in automation. Businesses across warehousing, manufacturing, and automotive sectors are increasingly turning to automated forklifts to streamline operations and address workforce shortages. But what’s driving this trend, and how does it compare to other automation solutions like mouse vehicles?

Why Forklifts Are on the Rise

Industry experts agree that the counterbalance forklift segment is booming. In North America, where specific pallet types require counterbalance vehicles, demand has surged. While forklifts have always played a crucial role in material handling, their recent growth can be attributed to their versatility. Unlike mouse-type vehicles, which require additional infrastructure, forklifts can pick up pallets directly from the floor, making them a more efficient solution for various industries.

One of the key factors fueling this demand is the labor shortage. Forklift operators require specialized training and licensing, making it challenging for businesses to find and retain skilled workers. As a result, companies are investing in Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) to fill the gap.

The Decline of Mouse Vehicles?

While mouse-type automation solutions were once a popular entry point for companies looking to integrate AGVs and AMRs, there has been a noticeable shift. Developing a mouse vehicle is relatively easy compared to building a robust forklift, leading to an oversaturated and commoditized market. Many well-established AMR companies that initially introduced mouse vehicles are now focusing on forklifts and low lifters to stay competitive.

The Growing Focus on Pallet Handling

Pallet movements have always been a focal point in automation, but labor shortages have intensified the need for efficient solutions. Managing pallets with mouse vehicles often requires additional infrastructure, increasing costs. Forklifts, on the other hand, offer a more practical and scalable alternative.

In regions with standardized pallets, such as Europe, forklifts provide an added advantage. Additionally, third-party logistics (3PL) providers and other high-volume operations are prioritizing forklifts to enhance efficiency and reduce dependency on manual labor.

Floor-to-Floor (F2F) Transport and Beyond

A significant portion of pallet movements occur on the floor—whether it’s from end-of-line production to staging areas or from staging to outbound logistics. This F2F transport accounts for the majority of material handling movements, making forklifts an ideal choice for automation. While there are applications for high-rack storage, the bulk of automated forklift operations remain at ground level.

The Future of Forklift Automation

The forklift automation trend shows no signs of slowing down. With businesses seeking more efficient, scalable, and cost-effective solutions, forklifts are becoming the go-to choice for automated material handling. As technology advances, we can expect even greater integration of autonomous forklifts in diverse industries.

Check out our next blog to see how automation is transforming these systems!

Introduction: In our previous blog, we discussed the key differences between Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) and Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs). Now that we’ve established how these two technologies operate, it’s time to dive into their pros and cons. Understanding the benefits and challenges of each system will help you choose the best solution for your business. Let’s explore how both AMRs and AGVs perform in real-world settings and how they can improve your operations.

---

The Pros and Cons of AGVs

Pros:

1. Reliability for Repetitive Tasks: AGVs are perfect for repetitive tasks, such as moving materials along fixed paths in predictable environments. This makes them ideal for manufacturing plants or warehouses with set layouts and consistent operations.
   Example: A large automotive assembly line, where parts need to be transported between stations in a linear manner.
2. Proven Technology: AGVs have been around for decades and have a long history of success. This means they’re a reliable, proven solution for many industries.
   Example: AGVs have been widely used in warehouses and factories for decades to streamline material handling and improve productivity.

Cons:

1. High Infrastructure Costs: AGVs require significant infrastructure, such as magnetic strips or rail systems, which can add to the initial setup costs. This infrastructure can also be expensive to modify if the layout of the facility changes.
   Example: If you decide to move your warehouse layout or add new production lines, you’ll need to reinstall or reconfigure the AGV system, which can be costly.
2. Limited Flexibility: AGVs can only follow fixed paths, making them less adaptable in environments where layouts change or new obstacles are introduced.
   Example: A busy warehouse that frequently reorganizes its storage or alters inventory routes could find AGVs cumbersome and inefficient.

---

The Pros and Cons of AMRs

Pros:

1. Flexibility and Adaptability: AMRs excel in environments that are constantly changing. Using advanced sensors, they can navigate dynamically, avoid obstacles, and adapt to changes in their environment without manual intervention.
   Example: In e-commerce fulfillment centers, AMRs can move around people, products, and other robots to deliver goods to various locations on the fly.
2. Lower Infrastructure Costs: Since AMRs don’t require fixed paths or infrastructure like magnetic strips, the setup costs are generally lower, and modifying the system as your business grows is easier.
   Example: If your business grows or your layout changes, AMRs can adjust without the need for costly infrastructure upgrades.
3. Easier Maintenance and Modifications: The modular nature of AMRs means that they can be easily scaled or maintained as your operations evolve.
   Example: If your facility expands or adds new tasks, AMRs can be reprogrammed or even upgraded with new capabilities, saving time and money.

Cons:

1. Higher Initial Investment: AMRs typically require a larger initial investment due to the advanced technology they use, including sensors and AI systems.
   Example: The upfront cost for setting up a fleet of AMRs in a facility could be higher than the cost of AGVs, especially for smaller businesses.
2. More Complex Technology: AMRs require more sophisticated technology and programming, which could lead to longer integration times and a steeper learning curve for your team.
   Example: Smaller businesses with limited technical expertise may find it challenging to integrate AMRs into their systems and may need external support or training.

---

Conclusion:

Choosing between AMRs and AGVs depends on your business needs and the nature of your operations. AGVs are ideal for stable environments with fixed tasks and predictable layouts, while AMRs offer more flexibility for dynamic environments that require adaptability. Understanding the pros and cons of each system will help you make the best decision for your facility.

Introduction: The world of automation has evolved significantly in recent years, with two powerful technologies—Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) and Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)—leading the way in improving logistics, material handling, and operational efficiency. These technologies are commonly used in industries like warehousing, manufacturing, and distribution. However, while their purpose is similar, they operate in fundamentally different ways. In this blog, we’ll explore the key differences between AMRs and AGVs to help you understand which might be the best fit for your business. 

---

What is an AGV?

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are robotic systems that follow fixed, predefined paths to move materials from one location to another. These vehicles are often used in highly structured environments with repetitive tasks, like moving parts along an assembly line or transferring goods in a warehouse with a fixed layout. AGVs rely on a range of navigation systems such as magnetic strips, optical tags, or embedded rails to guide them along their pre-programmed routes.

Real-World Example: AGVs are commonly used in automotive manufacturing plants, where they transport heavy car parts from one station to another along an assembly line. They are also used in warehouses with static layouts to move goods between storage areas and shipping docks.

---

What is an AMR?

Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs), on the other hand, are more flexible and dynamic. Unlike AGVs, AMRs use sophisticated sensors, such as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), cameras, and artificial intelligence (AI) to navigate and adapt to their surroundings. This allows them to handle more complex environments where obstacles or path changes might occur.

Real-World Example: AMRs are seen in fulfillment centers like Amazon’s, where they move autonomously between shelves, picking up and delivering inventory. Their ability to navigate around people and obstacles, and change routes on the fly, makes them the ideal solution for rapidly evolving environments.

---

Key Differences Between AMRs and AGVs:

1. Navigation Method:
   • AGVs use fixed path systems like magnetic strips, optical tags, or embedded rails.
   • AMRs use advanced sensors like LiDAR and cameras to navigate autonomously and adapt to changing environments.
2. Flexibility:
   • AGVs are great for repetitive, stable environments where the layout remains constant.
   • AMRs excel in dynamic environments where layout and tasks can change frequently.
3. Infrastructure Requirements:
   • AGVs need significant infrastructure investments, such as floor tags or magnetic strips.
   • AMRs require minimal infrastructure, as they can navigate based on the surrounding environment.

---

Conclusion:

Both AMRs and AGVs are valuable technologies in the world of automation, but they each have their own unique strengths. AGVs are excellent for environments where tasks are repetitive and predictable, while AMRs offer greater flexibility and adaptability in changing conditions. In the next blog, we’ll dive deeper into the pros and cons of these technologies to help you decide which one fits your business needs.

---

Stay tuned for our next blog, where we’ll explore the advantages and disadvantages of AMRs and AGVs in more detail.